Showing posts with label calculus concepts. Show all posts
Showing posts with label calculus concepts. Show all posts

Monday, July 18, 2011

Twitter - Insights About Creative Thinking, Science, Mathematics, Logic, Intution, Innovation.

You can download all the important posts as  PDF book "Unlocking the Secrets of Quantitative Thinking".

Science is way more than math and logic. Math and logic can be equally applied do dogmatic teachings as well. Specific assumptions are the ones that define science.

Scientific thinking is much more than math. Quantification is often necessary but in no way sufficient condition for a scientific discover.

Human values are the ones that can relate, connect different axiomatic systems, and make them work together. It is the framework of human values that dictates which selection of theorems from different axiomatic systems we will make.

Math and logic do not imply right away that scientific thinking takes place. Math and logic will equally well serve any non scientific thinking, like a dogmatic teaching. It is the assumptions that differentiate scientific from non-scientific direction of thinking. Scientific assumptions are the ones that wins. Math and logic just serve them well.

Mathematics is defined not by objects it counts, nor by reasons or logic why those objects are counted, but with concepts used to define mathematics axioms and to define proofs of mathematical theorems.

In real world mathematics application, it is you who guides quantification. Guided quantification is the core of free applied math thinking. 

Numbers have properties of their own, independent of anything else. Hence, real world  can only specify starting points for calculations, and perhaps the sequence of numerical operations, but it can not influence, or change, in any way, these intrinsic properties of numbers within the mathematical system. And, on the other hand, a mathematical system, or numbers' properties, can not tell to which particular real world example they may be applied or be relevant to.

Allow complete creative freedom to play with initial assumptions then use strict logic to find true consequences.

It is the interplay of imaginative assumptions that lead to discovery. Only after the nested assumptions interplay logic should kick in.

Feel free to assume, propose anything you can imagine and only after that use logic and maybe math, to explore validity of your assumptions.

Logic and (possibly) some quantification should only be good servants to your uninhibited, creative, free thinking and assumptions play.

Logic can tell you if your assumption, premise is wrong. But logic, then, cannot tell you what would be the correct assumption or premise.

You use logic to TEST your assumptions. Logic hardly can help you to discover the correct assumption at the first place.

Behind all math initial premises and starting numbers may be a real world story explaining why the premises are there.

You can assume anything then apply correct logic. Only consequences will prove if your assumptions were true/correct.

Intuition, common sense, and experience probably served as the first quantitative tools for price setting. - "Energy Risk" by D. Pilipovic.

A mathematical model of a process is a set of premises driven by world extraneous to math yet they can be derived directly from math axioms

Force, energy, speed, momentum, inertia are not part of math. If they were, then math theorems will be proved using them. It's not the case.

What you may have to tell your primary school students when explaining math and a concept of a number - http://t.co/PkI7VdQ

Math can't tell real world from fictional one! Look! If Harry Potter flies 10 m/s how many meters he will advance after flying 5 seconds?

The very moment you said "as many apples as oranges" you defined the concept of a pure number. Moreover, no need to name the number.

More magic than in a new Harry Potter movie - take a journey from real world math applications to pure math and back http://t.co/PkI7VdQ

Take a thought journey from real world math applications to pure math and back - and have that "wow!" moment http://t.co/PkI7VdQ

Labeling a number generation as "random" is not part of mathematics. It's an attempt to describe some number selection by ordinary language.

Everyone, especially primary and secondary school math teachers, may consider reading Paul Lockhart's "A Mathematician's Lament".

To develop all mathematics you do not need a single other science. No need for physics, quantum physics, genetics, quantum chemistry,...

Whole math can be developed inside heads of mathematicians, without any pencil, paper, given they have enough big memory.

Math for [insert the field of application here] . It only means that you decide WHAT is counted and why. Math axioms and theorems remain the same!!

How math can be applied to so many different fields and how we can use math in real life http://t.co/17QRRxV

Math is not about following directions, it's about making new directions. - Paul Lockhart, "A Mathematician's Lament"..

If you asked yourself Can I revisit my math from primary and secondary school and finally understand what is it about? http://t.co/17QRRxV

In order to even begin to count something, you have to know legal system, exchange rules, physics laws, economic laws, how to measure, ..

While membership to a set is not defined within math, it has exotic names outside it: transaction, ownership, buy, sell, exchange, measure..

The very method we quantify something (like measurement) is not a part of mathematics! Set and membership to a set are undefined within math.

Why would you use real world example for a math concept when you can derive it directly from axioms? Both approaches should be demonstrated.

Logical truth values entered the irrational world of emotionality with the statement 'true love'.

Logical truth values entered the emotional world of irrationality with the statement 'true love'.

To me, two core concepts to know for aircraft design are combustion reaction energies (bond energies, fuel, oxygen) and airfoil physics.

More than 20 motivational examples to introduce rational numbers to kids. Pirates, scuba diving, text messaging, pets ..http://t.co/j7N6QAc

You don't deny student's hate towards math, nor try to change it directly. Instead, you accept it and integrate their hate in math puzzles.

Field of math application shapes the math development in the same way the landscape shapes and guides the roads going through them.

While pure math is like building roads just to build them, applied math is like building roads through landscapes you want to go through.

Math lectures sometimes look to students like putting misleading, cluttered, over-detailed traffic signs on easy to use roads and highways.

It is way better to first explain math concepts in terms of required operations and sets of numbers they apply to, and only after that.....to label them with historical, outdated, misleading, confusing names that contribute nothing to the concept's definition.

It is way better to first explain math concepts in terms of required operations and sets of numbers they apply to, and only after that...

To calculate racing track length you need limit concept. For racing car fuel usage you need rational numbers. Teach both at the same time.

Knowing how to implement a business rule in C++ can make you a living. Knowing what business rule you will implement can make you a fortune.

Math and physics concepts should be think of only by the ways they are calculated. Ordinary language names are confusing, often misleading.

We talk about selling, buying, getting, sending energy, but energy is not an object. It's a calculated value from measuring mass, time, distance.

Internal combustion engine principle for beginners. Combustion is, in essence, an electrical reaction. - http://t.co/qxk6PF5

Different contexts will give different meanings for the same sentence. #semiotics

From real world math applications to pure math and back! http://t.co/PkI7VdQ

For many students, math looks like a maze. Students are lost in one area of maze while real fun with math is in the other part of maze.

High school math programs are like labyrinth for students. Students should get a hot balloon and take a bird view look where they are.

Student hates math? Integrate his resistance points, reasoning, into the math problems. Student will realize that he dictates quantification.

Student hates math? Milton Erickson wrote about utilizing person's resistance to a subject to, actually, achieve goal person is resisting to.

Motivation & Math for students who hate math. Ask what is the percentage of time they would do math compared to what they like to do daily.

Here is one motivational math example. Ask your students in how many ways they HATE math.

Awareness - making visible new axiomatic system not known to exist before. Truths presented in order to take action i.e. derive theorems.

Aeronautical Engineering, Aerodynamics, Aircraft Design References http://t.co/nce2gAQ #aviation #aircraftdesign

Math and magazine design. Designer has to know how to fit actor's surface area to the page dimensions. Lower and upper bound...

Emotions and math? He wrote very emotional Acknowledgment in his new book on Advanced Calculus.

Applied math can not be solely credited to the achievements in the applied field. Field dictates what, when, why is to be calculated.

Grammar can not be credited for a beauty of a literary work. Many stupid things are said using perfect grammar, and vice versa.

Saying that math is backbone of things is like saying that grammar is backbone of every single novel, science paper, literary work created.

From ZFC axioms you can create all math. Yet, it is the world extraneous to math (often non-axiomatized) that dictates math development.

Axiomatizing one system strangely isolate reasoning world outside of that system, thus hiding the motivation logic for system's theorems.

Once you hear word "axioms" (in any system), look for logic extraneous to that system. That's where motivation for theorems is coming from.

Motivational Math. Introducing Math Through Car Racing Concepts. Stay tuned for a new, exciting article! http://t.co/4ibp7w8

Even if you manage to, somehow, quantify right and wrong, you still need their firm definitions to be sure you are not quantifying..apples.

Whenever, in a physics textbook, you see phrase "arbitrary" (magnetic, electric field...), it's a placeholder for a design driven value.

Many math proofs start with "Let's assume...". But, wait! Can you explain where that starting assumption comes from?? #mathed

Assumptions coming from non-axiomatized fields (physics, economics, finance) can wreak havoc when used in a strict axiomatic system (math).

If mathematicians are so proud of their axiomatic approach, why they deal at all with applied math in non axiomatized fields??

How we are allowed at all to go from non axiomatic world, physics, economics,finance, to so strictly defined axiomatic world of mathematics?

You don't learn math, then apply it. Newton didn't learn calculus first (there was none, he invented it!), then applied it to physics.

While a proof, in math, has to be very logical and precise, the genesis of it is usually described as art or unexplainable inspiration.

Strict, precise Newton's Law of Gravitation does not prevent you to enter into it a completely random number for mass or distance.

Length of a musical note as a mathematical property has way less significance than emotional perception of the sound (note) of that length.

Surface and volume integrals should be explained using tattoos. They are a good example for arbitrary surface and ink volume calculation.

Things You Always Wanted to Know About Math * But Were Afraid to Ask http://t.co/PkI7VdQ

From Real World Math Applications to Pure Math and Back http://t.co/PkI7VdQ

You spent all your school years dealing with continuous functions only to hear after they are very small number of all functions of interest.

When I hear "it's just continuous function"..bad! No, it's not "just"! It took hundreds years to come up with the definition of continuity.

I would ban phrases "it's simply...(that)", "it's just...(that)" in math. Please leave to student to judge is it complicated or simple.

It's useful to quantify, but, relationships that are quantified are OFTEN quite non-mathematical.

A math proof, once you do it, is probably the only thing in math you are not obliged to explain your teacher how you did it.

Logic used in math proofs is the same as logic used in law. But, in law, axioms are fluid, relative, changing. Law is doing best it can!

Using logic or not, people are making decisions each and every day..

Can you master math? I think, yes! http://t.co/1J31IRE

Explaining essential ideas of mathematics. Talk about Applied Mathematics, Mathematics and Real World, Math Education. http://t.co/aVTTz4v

Puzzled with math graphs? Wondered why they use them? Where the graphs come from anyway?? http://t.co/lGLUfHq

Math and Film. "They had tied up all mathematics of plots and substructures and sub-characters." -Johnny Depp, interview, Cineplex Magazine.

Overheard in student cafe: Math text often starts with 'Lets suppose..'. I don't want to suppose anything, especially something THAT complex.

You can quantify and calculate as much as you want, but if you don't think scientifically, mathematics can't help you.

There are many scientific discoveries that has nothing to do with quantification nor math.

Math may be necessary, but definitely it's not sufficient part to make progress in science.

Every proof should be constructed within known and accepted axiomatic system, being it physics, math, economics, law, engineering.

An explosion into unknown..http://explainingmath.blogspot.com

The posts are terrific. They engulf! http://explainingmath.blogspot.com

Usage of a math theorem is in NOT dependent AT ALL on the way theorem is proved. How you use a theorem has nothing to do with its proof.

To understand a math proof is way easier than to make a proof, in the same way it's easier to consume a movie than to make it, or to appreciate an art painting than to make it.

There is no straightforward path how to prove math theorems, as there is no law that can predict what number you will chose right...NOW.

Updated article why graphs are chosen to visually represent quantities in math, physics, economics etc...http://t.co/lGLUfHq

At some point teachers should stop explaining math concepts with real world examples because none of theorems are proved by using apples.

Mathematics can not be Queen of all sciences because you can't start only with math and develop other sciences. Science is there first.

Math without science, i.e. without science to tell WHAT is counted and WHY is just play with numbers (but elegant, logical, often exciting).

At some point teachers should stop explaining math concepts with real world examples becuase none of theorems are proved by using apples.

Even word "RANDOM" does not belong to math. It's outside math as is measurement, observation, guess etc. Math sees only numbers given to it.

How to Teach Your Kids and Yourself to Think More Freely About Math and Real World Math Applications ... http://t.co/1J31IRE

Teachers should clearly explain the difference between lingustic framework within which math tasks are described and pure math itself. #math

Since differential equation specifies only the difference between two quantities, it can not tell you with which quantities to start with.

Math can't tell you what to count. Math deals only with numbers and a result of any math task is a number, and a number only.

Hockey, Physics, Axioms and Where Innovations Come From..http://t.co/ZGwvm6y #hockey #physics #innovation

Imagine creating rules of the game what to do with numbers. Then, new theorems will be dictated by this game. Without game - no theorems.

In math it is YOU who creates territory and then investigate its properties and boundaries.

If you want popular introduction to rational, irrational numbers you may want to read "Essays on the Theory of Numbers" by Richard Dedekind.

How to approach numerical values in a physics formula. How to much better understand and use physics formuls...http://t.co/i2vNn6J #physics

I would strongly recommend "Essays on the Theory of Numbers" by Richard Dedekind. Detailed and non boring introduction to continuity.

Math is not prerequisite for real world applications. Newton did not learn calculus then applied it. He invented calculus!

What would you like to do, what you have a talent for, and what economy, i.e.market is looking for can hardly be all found in one job.

During schooling (don't mix that with education!) best thing you can do is to follow your own ideas and ask, then answer your own questions.

Motivation to Use Graphs in Math, Physics and to Know Arbitrary Surface Area Calculations, http://goo.gl/gPXFE

Quantitative finance, dragons, and math - http://goo.gl/XEDL3

Relationships between dragons lead to math development... http://goo.gl/XEDL3

Math can be motivated by real world or by fictional world. It can also be developed independently from both worlds. Student should know that.

Math can't distinguish between REAL world and FAIRY TALE! Check this. Two dragons ate 53kg of coal each. How much coal they ate together?

You can assign EXACT number to any RANDOM event! :-)

In many cases, relationships (between objects) that define WHAT has to be calculated are far more interesting than calculations themselves.

Value of calculus: when you find something interesting to calculate, it can help! The trick is to find something enjoyable to analyze.

You can understand calculus too! How to Calculate Surface Area of an Arbitrary Shape - Story of Pirate Island http://goo.gl/hbVEY

Math deals ONLY WITH NUMBERS, COUNTS. However, math can be used in real life once you start keeping track WHAT is counted and why.

It is seldom that an airfoil camber line can be expressed in simple geometric or algebraic forms. Important illustration of a math function!

Sure, mathematics can make you think better, especially if YOU set and define ORIGINAL problems, and not only solving what you are told to.

Airplanes, pirates, treasure hunt - how to introduce calculus ideas to primary school students. http://goo.gl/9uaPr

More about Setology and Countology here http://goo.gl/rAPWx #math #mathematics

Mathematics = Setology. A science about sets. :-)

Mathematics = Countology. It's a science about counts. Sort of better than Numerology :-) Count is a required action that gives a number!

How math can be applied to so many different fields and how we can use math in real life http://goo.gl/cJQxs

Students are afraid to PICK a number by themselves. They think each number has to be calculated, obtained in some complicated manner.

Stochastic process PICKS a number. Physical measurement PICKS a number. Picking a (closer and closer) number is ESSENCE of limit definition.

Physical or any process doesn't "generate" numbers. It PICKS numbers. Numbers are already generated, defined inside mathematics.

Graph is an invention of using length as a representation of ANY imaginable measurable quantity or number.

Introducing math function to students: first step should be to let students draw an arbitrary curve and show it represents PAIRED numbers.

"Our education plays a trick with us, leading us to believe things which are not correct." BBC Environment, Geometry, http://goo.gl/BaFKQ

Many are looking for real world examples of math. But, math can't tell what is real and what's not! 5 dragons plus 3 dragons = 8 dragons!

You apply math only AFTER you chose WHAT to count. Hence, choosing WHAT to count and WHY it is counted has nothing to do with math!

Have you ever wanted to know what are the fundamental ideas in calculus? http://goo.gl/aVDbv

But, you don't have to even say "Trust me, I am a lair.". You can just say "I am a lair.". It's already a paradox.

Journey to the Pirate's Island to learn calculus ideas...like a treasure hunt, sort of..http://goo.gl/hbVEY

Have you ever thought what's behind calculus ideas? Maybe this will show just that! http://goo.gl/hbVEY #math #calculus

How to introduce calculus concepts to primary school students: "How to Calculate Surface Area of a Pirate Island" http://goo.gl/hbVEY

After they master basic algebraic operations, primary school students should be encouraged to define new math problems by themselves. #math

Here is my illustration of the Pirates Island at night, which will be used to introduce integration to students, http://goo.gl/BipFE

My new draft post "How to Calculate Surface Area of a Pirate Island" introducing integration to primary school students http://goo.gl/rVY1D

Many students see math, if not whole formal education, as a tunnel from which they have to get out, eventually, to do what they want.

How the rational numbers should be introduced to kids, http://goo.gl/dhUmS #math #rationalnumbers

Once we realize that math deals only with sets and numbers and that math does not need real world for examples, we can accept desire ...mathematicians to explore properties of numbers and their relations, without even thinking is there any "real" world application.

Real world can give math some initial counts, numbers, even sequences of required operations. But that's it. Math takes off by itself after.

While a proof, in math, has to be very logical and precise, the genesis of it is usually described as art or unexplainable inspiration.

Math can't tell you why you added two numbers but once you added them math can tell you what properties they have compared to other numbers.

Limiting process, in mathematics, may not itself lead to exact value, but, it can serve to point to where that value is, or can be.

Irrational numbers cannot be represented as a ratio of two integers? But, they are still infinite sum of ratios of two integers. So......?

Students should be shown that all the other numbers, rational, real, imaginary, transcendent, irrational, are CONSTRUCTED from integers.

Thursday, May 26, 2011

Calculus for Kids - How to Calculate Surface Area of an Irregular, Arbitrary Shape - Story of the Pirate Island


To get the page with all the missing images please download -> You can download all the important posts as  PDF book "Unlocking the Secrets of Quantitative Thinking".

My goal here is to introduce the ideas of calculus, and methods of summation and integration in the way that can be explained and thought to primary school students. In addition, anyone interested in knowing more about calculus and ideas behind integration can read and, most likely, greatly benefit from this chapter.

There are only a few prerequisites for this integration introduction.

In order to achieve this goal, students, or readers, should have to be familiar with integers, and at least with rational numbers, fractions. Concept of a function would be good to know, but it is not required. It will be introduced here. Readers should know how to calculate surface area of an rectangle (I am sure everyone knows that!), some triangles, and a circle. That's it! It's my goal to make new concepts’ explanations easy and clear, with minimum initial knowledge required! It has to be fun all along too! Rigorous proofs are left out. They can be found in any book on calculus.





Fig. 1. The Pirate Island at night.




Fig. 2. The Pirate Island during the day.


This chapter will introduce readers with a method to calculate the surface area of an object of an irregular, arbitrary shape.

Students are, for a long time, trained to calculate areas of rectangles, trapezoids, circles, maybe ellipse, and other 2D and 3D objects. They are pushed to memorize formulae in order to pass the tests or math exams. Yet, when they look around, in the real world, there are examples that has nothing to with all that mathematics material the students have been through for many years. Look at the stocks graph, temperature changes, wind direction, car driving, etc. Even kids in 4th grade will have good understanding what is mechanically say, going on in these cases, but, quantification and mathematics are not shown to be, somehow, applicable for those instances yet. One example is that students will be most likely puzzled what would be the formula to calculate a surface area of an object of a completely irregular shape, like the shape of an fried egg, or the shape of an island. This is excellent question, and, moreover, there is no need to keep students away from the answers for years, until they come to secondary school, to get the calculus and pre-calculus classes. Basic ideas are very easy to grasp, and I am sure, this chapter will be an eye opener and new ideas generator for the readers.

Let’s start. You do not need to hunt for a formula in mathematics all the time! Method, approach is way more important than finding, or even worse, memorizing formulae in many cases. And, it's the actual method to calculate a surface area of an arbitrary shape that is the essence of integration, the idea that represents one of the fundamental concepts in calculus.

Let's take our focus from a boring math text, and look around. Where we can apply math? Let's consider the following example. A pirate island. We want to calculate a surface area of a pirate island, let's call it The Pirate Island.

There may be many reason why we need to do that. Maybe we want to see how much of it is covered by forest. Or, we want to make an accurate map for future treasure hunters. Here I want to make one important point. Math can't distinguish between real world and fictional one, like the fairy tale! Check this. Two dragons ate 53kg of coal each. How much coal they ate together? It's up to you to develop reasoning what and why to count, and provide these requirements to math. Math will do the calculations, but can’t distinguish whether the numbers are coming from real or fictional world.

The Island has a completely arbitrary and irregular shape. If we try to search for a formula ready solution, we will not find it, most likely. So, how we calculate the surface area of an arbitrary shape?
To start with, let’s draw the island from the bird’s perspective. Let’s focus only on shape and leave out vegetation, animals, sand, rocks etc. Just the shape of the island in one instance of time. Of course, we have to do that, because the shape of island is constantly changing because of the waves or tides. But, we will assume one shape for our purpose.





Fig. 3. The Pirate Island shape from the bird’s perspective.


Since we know how to calculate the surface of an rectangle, let’s use rectangle to calculate the surface of the island. Let’s cover it with rectangles. We can cover it with triangles too, or with circles, for which we know how to calculate surface area. That will change a little in our approach, and, in addition, rectangles are quite simple too. So, let’s do it. Here is how the Island looks like covered with rectangles.


Fig. 4. The Pirate Island covered with rectangles.

We want to try to cover, as closely as possible, the shape of the island with rectangles, and then compare their surface areas.

If we label each rectangle and note its dimensions we can add them up and obtain the surface area covered by all the rectangles we have used so far. We will immediately notice several things. First is that our covered area is not the actual area of the island, but only close to it. There are errors, there are missed surfaces where the curvatures are. On the good side we can have some idea, from our calculation, after adding rectangles surfaces, what the total area approximately is. It’s a bit bigger than what we got, but we also note that it has a definite limit value, which is actual surface area of the Island. Don’t worry that we are talking here about estimated value. We are doing a good estimate, we have a good approach to estimate. Moreover, the estimation will lead us to determine the exact value of the island surface area.

At this point, let’s see what we can do to get closer to the actual surface area. The first thing that comes to mind is to add more (smaller) rectangles to fill in gaps between present rectangles and the curvature line of the island. That’s correct. Let’s magnify one part of the island and rectangles in it, to see clearly the gaps on surface between rectangle and the curve.





Fig. 5. A magnified portion of the Island.

With the addition of more and more, smaller and smaller rectangles we fill in the gaps denser and denser, and our covering surface area is getting more and more accurate, closer to the real value. However, because of the smoothness of the shore curve, the smoothness of the island shape, there appear to be always gaps between rectangles and the island curve! That is actually very true. Let’s magnify again the portion of the island we have just filled with more rectangles and see how it looks like.




Fig. 6. Again magnified portion of the island with more, smaller, finer rectangles in.


Still more gaps. But, they are smaller too. Hence, the error is smaller. We have a sense, that even if we add more and more rectangles, there will be always gaps, though smaller and smaller, because the curve is smooth and our rectangles have right angles. However, there is one powerful thing that we can notice at this point. While there is a difference between the surface area we are getting by adding smaller and smaller rectangles and the real island surface area, also is the error between the surface area we are getting, and some correct value we are after. Moreover, with this approach, by adding more and more smaller and smaller rectangles we can approach to the correct value as close as we wish. We can get close to any number of decimal places. That sounds like a good achievement, right? If you calculate the surface area of an island that is say 10 square miles with the accuracy of 0.00000000000005 square mile, which is half of the grain of sand area, you seem to have quite a good result. But, you may ask, what is the exact value, and not just approximate, no matter how close to that value, using our rectangles, we get.

There are two answers to this question. One is that, when we add more and more, smaller and smaller rectangles to fill in the gaps, we may be able to see to which value our successive sums are aiming at! We can be 100% certain that there is a value we are after, and sometimes we can actually name that limiting value, and that will be the actual surface area of the Island. Note again, that even we do not “reach” that value with our process of getting rectangles, we still can approach it as close as we wish, and as accurate as we wish, even to millionth of decimal places. When we can say that we can do that kind of approach to some limiting value, the value in question is actual correct value for our way of summation. Moreover, that’s exactly how mathematicians define a limit value of a sum in the process of integration. Integration is nothing more than summation taking into account this limit summation method of our rectangles.

The other answer has to do with the definition of irrational numbers. Irrational means numbers that can not be represented by a ratio of two integers (rational numbers). For instance, square root of 2 or Pi, are some of irrational numbers. Their main property is that they are represented by infinite number of non repeating decimal places. You may think then that these numbers will be infinitely large. But, they are not, because each time smaller and smaller fractions are added, like we added smaller and smaller rectangles in our island and we know that these rectangles are always between island limits and our present calculated surface area. As long as you add smaller and smaller fractions each time, and you know that there is upper limit that can not be exceeded you are dealing with irrational numbers.  Try it by yourself. Get any number and start adding more and more decimal places to it! You will see that every time you, actually, can have the upper limit of your number, if you wish, or, you can add more and more decimal places, noting that each time you added obviously a smaller fraction! From the very strict mathematical point of view, what we have just done is the actual definition of an irrational number. They must be defined as limit values as you add smaller and smaller fractions. Sometimes these limit values are clearly visible, sometimes they may not been known, but in each case it has to be proved that they exist and that we can approach them to any accuracy we wish and as close as we wish.

If you still think that, at least theoretically, the coastal island line is still too jagged to be smooth (but continuous!) on any scale, you are right. Another approach is to consider fractal theory, in calculating the coastal line length. Good starting point is Koch snowflake or Mandelbrot works on fractals. That is the subject outside the scope of this post.

Now, back to Island. While we explored our accuracy of calculating surface area, don’t forget what we have started with! We have started even with a thought to try to find ready to use, plug in, formula for the surface of the island. But, that was wrong approach. Then we thought of method of covering rectangles, and by using them we got the correct and very powerful method to calculate, to any accuracy we wish, the island surface area.

We can now generalize our result. Using this method of covering rectangles we can calculate essentially surface area of any shape. Interesting example is calculating surface area of an aircraft tail and rudder section.
Here is illustration. Principle is the same.



         


Fig. 7. Numerical methods of calculation of a surface area of an aircraft vertical stabilizer and rudder section.

This method of covering rectangles, to call it like that, is the fundamental idea behind calculus and numerical methods in engineering applications. Numerical methods in engineering simply means, in many cases “since there is no ready to use formula, let’s use some approximate method with limiting process for summation, like method of covering rectangles”.

You are now familiar with one more fundamental idea of calculus. Taking the calculation to the limit, in our case we are adding more and more smaller rectangles to get to the limit of  the island surface area. Note that! Taking to the limit is what is the basis of the calculus. That’s very powerful thought we came with and powerful method. For instance, if we did not take it to the limit, we may not be able to see what the actual surface area value may be, nor we will be in position to conclude that we will approach that area with any accuracy we want. When you take process to the limit you are already mastering the most fundamental idea in calculus.

Using "covering rectangle" method, method of dividing, then summing the area or line length, or surface areas, (limiting process is involved here, as we have seen)  is a common method of solution for arbitrary, irregularly shaped lines, surfaces and volumes. Also, the method is used as well when a function is defined in a closed form, frequently by one or more formulae (where possible) to describe (as a continuous, smooth function) lines, surfaces, and volumes.

[ applied math, Facebook, applied mathematics, calculus, calculus concepts, differential, learn math, math education, math tutoring, rectangle, Sets, Subsets, Lebesgue Measure, Lebesgue Integral, Lebesgue, Sigma Algebra, Koch snowflake, ]